Klokan
Klokanovití (Macropodidae) jsou druhá největší čeleď vačnatců (po vačicovitých) s 54 druhy v 11 rodech. Nezahrnuje však klokánkovité, kteří mají samostatnou čeleď, přestože se velmi klokanovitým podobají.
Výskyt
Klokani se vyskytují v Austrálii a Tasmánii, Nové Guineji a na přilehlých ostrovech. (Klokan rudokrký je uměle vysazený i v severní a střední Evropě.[1] Na přelomu 19. a 20. století byl chován i v Česku v oboře u Poděbrad.) Jsou to endemiti. Obývají nejrůznější biomy, od pouštěpo deštný prales.
[editovat]Stavba těla
Klokani mají dlouhou a úzkou lebku, většinou protáhlý čenich a hlavu, která vypadá drobná vzhledem k velikosti zbývajícího těla. Jejich vzrůst je střední až velký. Některé druhy dorůstají až do výšky dvou metrů. Váhy dosahují od 0,5 kg do 90 kg. Klokanovití jsou ploskochodci, mají dlouhou úzkou zadní tlapu a velmi silné zadní končetiny. Čtvrtý prst na zadní tlapě je nejdelší a nejsilnější, klokanovití ho ve značné míře používají k odrážení při skákání. Pátý (vnější) prst je také velký. Stejně jako všichni dvojitozubci jsou syndaktilní (druhý a třetí prst na předních končetinách je srostlý). Palec je někdy zakrnělý, ale obvykle úplně chybí. Většina druhů má mohutný a dlouhý ocas, který však není chapavý. Místo toho je spíš používán jako balancující či stabilizační orgán.
[editovat]Pohyb
K rychlému pohybu používá většina klokanů skákání snožmo. Ve vysokých rychlostech až okolo 50 km/h nechávají ocas ve vzduchu a udržují s ním jen směr a rovnováhu, zatímco při pomalejších rychlostech na zem kladou zadní končetiny i s ocasem. Při pomalém pohybu je skákání velmi neúčinné a stojí hodně síly, avšak při vysokých rychlostech je poměrně úsporné. Síla se ukládá do šlach na nohou a těžký ocas se kývá nahoru a dolů jako kyvadlo, čímž poskytuje příkon pohybové síly.
Většina klokanovitých nedovede pohybovat nezávisle svýma nohama, tudíž nemohou normálně chodit, musí poskakovat. Také nemohou chodit pozpátku, což jim přináší velké problémy, je-li před nimi uzavřena úniková cesta.
Pro pomalý pohyb používá klokan chůzi "po pěti": ze sedu se nadzvedne na předních nohách a ocasu, a přesune zadní nohy.
Velcí klokani pohybující se v křovinaté stepi skoky dlouhými až 11 m a rychlostí téměř 60 km/h se vyskytují na velkých územích. Jejich neustále se stěhující stáda jsou s to za jediný den urazit za pastvou dráhu až 100 km. Klokan rudý může vyvinout rychlost vyšší než 70 km/h, avšak jen na krátké vzdálenosti.
[editovat]Potrava
Klokani jsou býložravci, většina z nich spásá trávu a byliny. Dále se mohou živit kapradinami, výhonky, listy a lesními plody. Nevyhýbají se ani jedovatým rostlinám.
Tráva, kterou se živí, je velmi tuhá a její žvýkání silně opotřebovává zuby. Ačkoli mají klokani na každé straně čtyři páry stoliček, jen přední jsou využívány. Pokud se opotřebují a vypadnou, jsou nahrazeny dalšími. Občas se klokan dožije toho, že je opotřebován i poslední pár. Tehdy uhynou hladem. Jen klokanovi rezavému dorůstají stoličky po celý život.
Na rozdíl od ovcí, skotu a dalších placentálních býložravců, spásají klokanovití trávu a byliny velmi šetrně. Nikdy ji nevypasou až ke kořenům, čímž jí neznemožňují obnovení.
Všichni klokani dovedou přežvykovat. Velký svalnatý žaludek je rozdělený na několik částí a pojme mnoho potravy, která je trávena pomocí mikroorganismů.
[editovat]Vývin a život
Klokanovití jsou podobně jako většina savců živorodí. Oproti samicím placentálních savců, které mají jednu dělohu a pochvu, mají samice klokanů zdvojený systém se dvěma dělohami, každá s vlastní boční pochvou - vagínou. Mládě při porodu prochází odděleným středním porodným kanálem (centrální vagínou). Tato trubice se u klokanů vytváří před prvním porodem a přetrvává celý život. Samci klokanů mají penis na konci rozeklaný, zřejmě k zavedení semene do obou pochev. Březost u klokana obrovského trvá 36 dnů. Novorozené klokáně je však po narození velmi nevyvinuté – je holé, slepé a schází mu zadní končetiny. Přichytí drápky k matčině srsti a šplhá jen za pomoci svého čichu a hmatu k jejímu vaku, kde se přisaje na mléčnou bradavku. Matka mláděti neulizuje cestičku mezi chlupy, jak se dříve předpokládalo, ale jen čistí srst od porodní tekutiny. Ve vaku mu ztvrdnou koutky, tudíž dokonale drží. To bylo patrně příčinou, proč si dříve australští usedlíci myslili, že vyrůstají přímo z bradavky. Ve vaku saje mléko do chvíle, než se dovyvine. Samice má ve vaku čtyři ústí mléčných žláz, bradavky, v nichž se může vytvářet mléko s rozdílným složením. Mláděti se vytvoří zadní končetiny, začne vidět, uši se mu vzpřímí a naroste mu srst.
Kolem 7. měsíce mládě vystrčí hlavu z vaku, ochutná trávu, ale když je v nebezpečí, hned zaleze zpět do vaku. Do něj leze hlavou napřed, takže ve vaku musí udělat kotoul. Vak je však brzy obsazen dalšími přírůstky, tudíž klokáně strká hlavu do vaku jen tehdy, když se chce napít. V 1. roce se již pase s ostatními, neleze již zpět do vaku, ale zůstává v blízkosti matky do 2. roku.
Délka života je kolem 9 až 18 let, někdy až 28 let.
Tato část článku je příliš stručná nebo neobsahuje všechny důležité informace. Pomozte Wikipedii tím, že ji vhodně rozšíříte.
[editovat]Klokaní slepota
- Související informace naleznete v článku Klokaní slepota.
Choroba očí u klokanovitých je vzácná, ne však nová. Prvá úřední zpráva o klokaní slepotě byla podána ve středním Novém Jižním Walesu v roce 1994. Následující rok zprávy o jejich slepotě přišly i z jižních států Viktorie a jižní Austrálie. V roce 1996 se choroba rozšířila pouštěmi až do západní Austrálie. Australané se znepokojovali kvůli jejímu možnému přenosu na dobytek a lidi samé. Zkoumání v Australských živočišných zdravotních laboratořích (AAHL) v Geelongu objevilo virus zvaný Wallal ve dvou druzích komárů (mušek) nebo písečných much, které tento virus pravděpodobně přenášely. Zvěrolékaři sledováním klokaní populace objevili, že u méně jak 3 % klokanů vystavených viru se slepota projevila.
[editovat]Lidé
Pro australské domorodce byl klokan hlavní zdroj potravy. První Evropan, který měl možnost vidět klokany byl James Cook v roce 1700. Přistěhovalci se, podobně jako domorodci, živili klokaním masem. Dnes se prodává i v evropských restauracích.
Australští farmáři vidí v klokanech škůdce. Aby je zničili, otrávili farmáři vodu, takže v jedné oblasti v Západní Austrálii zahynulo během dvou měsíců 13 000 klokanů. Na jiné farmě otrávili během pěti let 90 000 klokanů a pobouřené noviny psaly: Symbol naší země krmíme strychninem. Dále farmáři věří, že mohou zahnat klokany ohněm. Také si myslí, že vypalováním se pastviny pohnojí. Vypalování však dobře snášejí nejodolnější, málo výživné trávy, které již ovcím nevyhovují, ale klokanům stále postačují. Kvalita pastvin se tak neustále zhoršuje. Vypalování pastvin se nepodařilo vymýtit dodnes a má na svědomí také zničující lesní požáry.
Přirozené prostředí klokanovitých se vlivem člověka mění a způsobuje stále větší ohrožení tohoto druhu. Zanešení králíci spásají klokanům trávu. Nebezpečí přináší i zavlečené lišky, které raději než králíky loví méně pohyblivá klokaní mláďata. Na Nové Guineji netrpí ztrátou přirozeného prostředí až tak jako v Austrálii, stromovým druhům však ubývají lesy v důsledku nadměrného kácení.
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Accessories for example their Hermès Birkin, Kelly, and a Chanelle Iconic Closure stand as timeless pieces which imitations imitate with incredible attention.
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What’s the reason are top-grade replicas increasing in popularity among premium enthusiasts? The answer can be attributed to accessibility and style look. High-quality replicas provide high-end admirers with access to premium styles bypassing the large cost, making luxury within reach.
In-Demand High-Quality Duplicate Brands
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Bags including their Hermès Birkin, Kelly, as well as an Chanelle Timeless Front remain notable objects that duplicates imitate using incredible precision.
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Detail remains king in the sphere in superfakes. Beginning with precision metalwork etchings right down to a perfect hue of tint, quality replicas imitate subtle features so as to mimic authentic luxury pieces.
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(JimmyTah, 1. 11. 2024 10:44)
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Inside the world of luxury items, "luxury-inspired items" are recognized due to their remarkable likeness with real high-end goods. Distinct from standard imitation goods, these items get created using top-notch substances in addition to careful focus on craftsmanship.
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How come are high-quality imitations rising in appeal among high-end aficionados? This stems from cost-effectiveness and aesthetic appeal. High-quality replicas enable luxury enthusiasts the chance to have high-end designs minus a large outlay, creating premium open to more.
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Bags for example the Hermès Birkin, Kelli, as well as their Channel Timeless Front are timeless objects which imitations mimic through exceptional attention.
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In what way do luxury-inspired replicas rising in appeal among premium enthusiasts? A primary reason stems from cost-effectiveness combined with fashion attraction. Top-grade imitations grant style admirers with access to premium fashion while avoiding such significant cost, making high-end easier to obtain.
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Accessories for example an Hermès Birkin, Kelley, & the CHANEL Classic Fold are timeless goods which imitations mimic with incredible accuracy.
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Luxury-inspired items boast top-quality materials like high-grade hide as well as detailed stitching. These materials strengthen to the realistic appearance, helping top-grade replicas in capturing an authentic feel of luxury items.
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Rising Fame of Luxury-Inspired Replicas
What’s the reason is top-grade replicas gaining traction among designer devotees? The answer is found in affordability and style charm. Luxury-inspired items grant fashion admirers to access premium styles while avoiding such large expense, allowing high-end more accessible.
Top Superfake Replica Makes
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Bags including their Hermès Birkin, Kelly, & the Chanelle Classic Fold stand as recognizable goods which superfakes imitate through incredible detail.
Components alongside Skill
Luxury-inspired items use premium substances such as high-grade fabric alongside detailed sewing. The materials contribute to the realism, enabling superfakes to mimic the essence of premium designs.
Emphasis on Details
Detail remains essential in the world in superfakes. Beginning with exact components details and that exact tone for tint, superfakes imitate subtle aspects to closely mimic real high-end goods.
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